Page 18 - Pazhwak

ﺎﮑﻳﺭﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ،ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺕﻬﺟ ًﺍﺩﺩﺟﻣ ،ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﮐﺍﺫﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻑﻗﻭﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ
ﻭ ﻥ ﺎﻧﺍﺩﻧﺎﻣﻭﻗ ، ﻯﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺍﺭﺑﻫﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻳﻘﺗﺳﻣ ﻯﺎﻬﺳﺎﻣﺗ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻯﺎﻬﺗﻳﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ( ١٩٨٣ ) ﺕﺷﮔ ﺭﺑ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ً ﺎﺑﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣ ﻩﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ
ﺭﺩ ﻥﻳﻣﺎﺿﻣﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﺗﺷﻭﻧﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑﺣﺎﺻﻣ ﻖﻳﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻳﺷﺧﺑ ﺕﺩﺷ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻳﻟﺎﻧﺭﻭژ ﻭ ﻥﺍ ﺩﻧﻣﺷﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻝﻳﺋﺎﺑﻗ ﻭ ﻡﺍﻭﻗﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺳ
ﻰﻣ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻭ ﻰﻣﺎﻅﻧ ﺕﺎﻬﺑﺟﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺣﺗﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻳﺧﻭ ﺏﻗﺍﻭﻋ ﻪﺟﻭﺗﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻳﺩﻫﺎﺟﻣ ،ﺩﻳﺍﺭﺟ ﻩﺭﻳﻏﻭ ( ﺱﻟﻭﺩﻫﺎﺟﻣ ﻪﻳﺭﺷﻧ )
. ﺩﺭﮐ

؛ﺩ ﺍﺩ ﺹﻳﺧﺷﺗ ﺩﻭﺧ ﻪﺣﻭﺭﻁﻣ ﻯ ﺎﻬﻧﻼﭘ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻧﻣ ﺭﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺍﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﺛﺅﻣ ﻝﺎﻣﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻣﺁ ﻥﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﺕﻣﻭﮑﺣ ﻥﻭﭼ
ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍ ً ﺎﻣﺳﺭ ﻪﺗﺳﻧﺍﻭﺗﻧ ﻝﻣﺣﺗ ﺭﺗﺷﻳﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺷﭘ ﺱﺎﺳﺣ ﮥﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺩﻳﺯﻣ ﺕﻳﺩﻭﺟﻭﻣ ﻭ ﺕﻣﺎﻗﺍ ﻰﺗﺩﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ
ﺍﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺧﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻭﮔ کﺭﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ کﺎﺧ ﺭﺗﺩﻭﺯ ﻪﭼ ﺭﻫ ﺎﺗ ﺕﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﻼﻋﺍ (( ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺹﺧﺷ ))
. ﺩﺷ ﺎﮑﻳﺭﻣﺍ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﻳﺯﮔ ﻩﺎﻧﭘ ﺭﺗﻓﺩ ﺕﻁﺎﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﻯﻭ . ﺩﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺭ ﻗ ﺕﺑﻗﺍﺭﻣ ﺕﺣﺗ ًﺍﺩﻳﺩﺷ ﻝﺯﻧﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻩﺩﺷﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ کﺍﺭﺗﺷﺍ ﻖﺣ ﻥﻳﺩﻫﺎﺟﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﻧژ ﺢﻠﺻ ﺕﺍﺭﮐﺍﺫﻣ کﺭﺎﻳﻭﻳﻧ ﺭﺩ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﻭﺣﺭﻣ
ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﻯﺎﻳﻠﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺻ ﻣ ﻅﻔﺣ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺢﻠﺻ ﻯﺍ ﻩﺭﻘﻓ ﺞﻧﭘ ﻥﻼﭘ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮐ ﺩﺭ ﻝﻭﻘﻌﻣ ﻝﻳﻻﺩ
. ﺩﺭﮐ ﻡﻳﻠﺳﺗ ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺏﻳﺗﺭﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻯﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻼﭘ،

ﺭﺩ کﺍﺭﺗﺷﺍ ﺕﻬﺟ، ﺕﺭﻓﺎﺳﻣ ۀﺯﻳﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺕﺳﺩﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻯﻭﺍﺩﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺗﻳﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻠﺳﻠﺳ ﮏﻳ ﻡﺎﺟﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ ، کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩ ﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﻭﺣﺭﻣ
. ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎ ﭘ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺑ ( ١٩٩١ ) ﻝﺎﺳ ﻝﻳﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻭﺑﺭﻣ ﺭﺎﻧﻳﻣﻳﺳ

ﺯﺭﺎﺑﻣ ﻯﺎﻫ ﺕﻳﺻﺧﺷ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺑﻫﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻥﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻘﺗﻌﻣ ، ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﻰﻠﻣ ﻭ ﻖﺣﺭﺑ ﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺯﺍ ، کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ
ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﻝﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺧ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻭ ﻯﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﻯﺎﻫ ﺕﻳﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺩﺭﺑﺷﻳﭘ ﻯﺍﺭﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻯﺩﺣﺍﻭ ﺯﮐﺭﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻥﺩﺷ ﺭﺳﻳﻣ ﺩﺭﺟﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ
. ﺩﻧﻭﺷ ﺭﻘﺗﺳﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻳﻳﻌﺗ

ﻥﻳﺩﻫﺎﺟﻣ ، ﻰﺗﺳﻳﻧﻭﻣﮐ ﻡﺎﻅﻧ ﻁﻭﻘﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺩﻳﺳﺭ ﺭﻣﺛ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺵﻳﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻥﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻥﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻰﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ
ﻯﺎﻫ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻡﺩﺎﺻﺗ ﻪﻧﻳﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻯﻼﺧ ًﺍﺩﻌﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻧﻭﺷ ﻯﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﺩﺣﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻳﮑﺷﺗ ﺩﺎﺟﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻓﺅﻣ ﺩﻧﻧﺍﻭﺗﺑ
. ﺩﻭﺑ ﺩﻫﺍﻭﺧ ﻥﻁﻭ ﻭ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﻯﺍﺭﺑ کﺎﻧ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻡﻳﺧﻭ ﻰﻠﻳﺧ ﻥﺁ ﺏﻗﺍﻭﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻳﺎﻳﻧﺩﻭﺟﻭﺑ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﻣ

، ﺎﮑﻳﺭﻣﺍ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺭﮑﻣ ﻯﺎﻬﺗﺭﻓﺎﺳﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﻭﺣﺭﻣ، ﺩﻭﺧ ﻯﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﺭﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻕﻭﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﮑﻔﻣ ﻖﻘﺣﺗ ﻯﺍﺭﺑ
ﻡﻳﻣﺻﺗ ﻩﺭﺧﻻﺎﺑ، ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺭﻭﻳﻏ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻳﻟﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺍﻭﺧﻳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﻝﺣﺍﺭﻣ ﻡﺭﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻁﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ
ﻝﺣﺭ ﺕﺧﺎﻧﺷ ﻰﻣﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﮕﻳﺑ ﮥﻁﺧ ﺍﺭﻧﺁ ﺯﮔﺭﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺭﻭﺎﺷﭘ ﺭﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﺭﻔ ﺳ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ( ١٩٩١ ) ﻝﺎﺳ ﻝﻳﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﺕﻓﺭﮔ
. ﺩﻧﻳﺯﮔ ﺕﻣﺎﻗﺍ

ﻭ ﻰﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮕﻧ ﺭﺑﺧ ، ﻥﺍﺩﻧﻣﺷﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻥﻳﺩﻫﺎﺟﻣ ﻯﺎﻫ ﺩﻳﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺩ ﺯﮐﺭﻣ ﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺑﮑﻳ ﺭﻭﺎﺷﭘ ﺭﺩ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺕﻣﺎﻗﺍ ﻝﺣﻣ
. ﺩﺷ ﻥﻁﻭ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﮐ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻭ ﻰﺟﺭﺎﺧ

ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺭﺑﺍﺭﺑ ﻭ ﺭﺩﺍﺭﺑ ﻡﺍﻭﻗﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻪﻗﺭﻔﺗ ﺩﺎﺟﻳﺍ ، ﻰﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻯﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﺳﻣﻫ ﻯﺎﻬﺗﻣﻭﮑﺣ ﻪﻧﻼﻳﺣﻣ ﺕﻼﺧﺍﺩﻣ
ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻝ ﺑﺎﮐ ﻰﺧﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﻬﺷ ﺩﻳﺯﻣ ﻰﻧﺍﺭﻳﻭ ﻭ ﻩﺎﻧﮕﻳﺑ ﻥﻁﻭﻣﻫ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺯﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﻟﺎﻅ ﻝﺗﻗ ﺙﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻰﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﻣﻳﻣ ﺎﻧ ﮓﻧﺟ
ﻪﺑﺣﺎﺻﻣ ﺭﺩ ً ﺎﻣﻳﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﺭﺎﺟﺯﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻰﮔ ﻩﺩﺭﺯﺁ ﻥﻳﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺧﺎﺳﻳﻣ ﻩﺩﺭﺯﺁ ﺍﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ً ﺎﻣﺳﺟ ﻭ ً ﺎﺣﻭﺭ ،ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮕﻳﻣ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ
. ﺕﺳﺍ ﻪﺗﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺍ ﺵ ﺭﺎﺧﺗﻓﺍ ﺭﭘ ﻰﮔﺩﻧﺯ ﻥﻳﺳﭘﺍﻭ ﻯﺎﻫ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺗﺷﻭﻧ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻌﺷﺍ ، ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻗﻼﻣ ﺎﻫ