Page 19 - Pazhwak

ﻭ ( ١٩٦١ ) ﺩﺍﺭﮕﻠﺑﺭﺩ ﮏﻠﺳﻧﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﮏﻟﺎﻣﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺳ ﻡﻬﻣ ﺱﻧﺍﺭﻔﻧﮐﻭﺩﺭﺩ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺕﺋﻳﻫ ﻭﺿﻋ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ً ﺎﺗﻭﻼﻋ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ
. ﺕﺳﺍ ﻪﺗﺷﺍﺩ کﺍﺭﺗﺷﺍﺯﻳﻧ ( ١٩٦٤ ) ﻩﺭﻫﺎﻗ

ﺩﺭﮐ ﺏﺳﮐ ﻭﺿﻋ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﮔﺩﻧﻳﺎﻣﻧ ﺭﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻰﺷﻧﻣﺭﺳ ﺩﺯﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻯﺩﺎﻣﺗﻋﺍﻭ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻰﮔﺩﻧﺯﺍﺭﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺭﺑ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ
ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻳﺍ ﺏﺳﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺷ ﺏﺎﺧﺗﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻰﻣﻭﻣﻋ ﺱﻼﺟﺍ ﻥﻳﻣﮑﻳﻭ ﺕﺳﻳﺑ ﺱﻳﺋﺭ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ( ١٩٦٧ ـ ١٩٦٦ ) ﻯﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻩ
. ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ ﻰﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺑﻭﺑﺣﻣ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﻭ ﺵﺩﻭﺧ ﺭﺗﺷﻳﺑ ﻯﺯﺍﺭﻓﺍﺭﺳ ﻪﻳﺎﻣ ،ﺩﻧﻣﺟﺭﺍ

ﻥﺩﺷﺭﻭ ﻪﻠﻌﺷ ﺭﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻯﺭﺍﺭﻁﺿﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﻠﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻰﺧﺭﺑ ﺕﺳﺎﻳﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ، ﻰﻣﻭﻣﻋ ﻪﻠﺑﻣﺎﺳﺍ ﺕﺳﺎﻳﺭ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻁ
. ﺕﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺩﻬﻌﺑ ﺯﻳﻧ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻪﺗﺧﺎﺳ ﺞﻧﺷﺗﻣ ﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺭﻫﺯﺍ ﺵﻳﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻰﻠﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺍ ﻝﻳﺋ ﺍﺭﺳﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻋ ﻥﻳﺑ ﮓﻧﺟ

ﺭﺳ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﻳﺩﻧﺎﮐ ﻥﻳﺭﺗ ﻪﺗﺳﻳﺎﺷ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ﺍﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ، ﻑﺎﺷﮑﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ ﮏﻟﺎﻣﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺩﻧﻳﺎﻣﻧ ﻭ ﺕﻳﻧﻣﺍ ﻯﺍﺭﻭﺷ ﻯﺎﺿﻋﺍ ﻪﻣﻫ
. ﺩﻧﺩﺭﮐ ﻰﻣ ﻰﻧﻳﺑﺷﻳﭘ ﻪﻏﺩﻏﺩ ﻥﻭﺩﺑ ﺍﺭﻧﺁ ﻖﻘﺣﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﮐ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻩﺩﻧﻳﺁ ﻰﺷﻧﻣ

ﺭﻳﺑﮐ ﺭﻳﻔﺳ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ( ١٩٧٦ ـ ١٩٧٣ ) ﻥﺎﻳﻟﺎﺳ ﻰﻁ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻰﺑﺭﻏ ﻥﺎﻣﻟﺁ ﻥُﺑﺭﺩ ﺭﻳﺑﮐ ﺭﻳﻔﺳ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ( ١٩٧٢ ) ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ
ﻡﺎﺟﻧﺍ ﺯﻳﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻝﻳﺫ ﻡﻬﻣ ﻑﻳﺎﻅﻭ ، ﻰﻠﻫﺩ ﺕﻳﺭﻭﻣﺎﻣ ﻥ ﺎﻳﺭﺟ ﺭﺩ . ﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﻪﻔﻳﻅﻭ ﻯﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﻥﺩﻧﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻳﺑﮐ ﺭﻳﻔﺳ ﺙﻳﺣﺑًﺍﺩﻌﺑ ﻭ ﻰﻠﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ
: ﺩﺍﺩ

( ١٩٧٣ ) ﺭﻳﺍﺯﺟﻟﺍﺭﺩ ﮏﻠﺳﻧﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﮏﻟﺎﻣﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺳ ﺱﻧﺍﺭﻔﻧﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺕﺋﻳﻫ ﺱﻳﺋﺭ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻣﺟ ﺱﻳﺋﺭ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻩﺩﻧﻳﺎﻣﻧ ـ ١

( ١٩٧٣ ) ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻰﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﮏﻟﺎﻣﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺳ ﺱﻧﺍﺭﻔﻧﮐﺭﺩ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺕﺋﻳﻫ ﺱﻳﺋﺭﻭﺭﻭﻬﻣﺟ ﺱﻳﺋﺭ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻩﺩﻧﻳﺎﻣﻧ ـ ٢

( ١٩٧٧ ) ﻭﺑﻣﻟﻭﮐ ﺭﺩ ﮏﻠﺳﻧﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﮏﻟﺎﻣﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺳ ﺱﻧﺍﺭﻔ ﻧﮐﺭﺩ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺕﺋﻳﻫ ﻭﺿﻋ ـ ٣

ﺯﺍ ﻯﻭﺭﻭﺷ ﺯﻭﺎﺟﺗﻣ ﻯﺍﻭﻗ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﻪﻣﺩﻘﻣ ﻭ ( ١٩٧٨ ) ﺭﻭﺛ ﺕﻔﻫ ﻥﻳﮕﻧﻧ ﻭ ﻥﻳﻧﻭﺧ ﻯ ﺎﺗﺩﻭﮐ ﺎﺑ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﻰﮐﺭﺗ ﷴﺭﻭﻧ ﻡﻳژﺭ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺕﻠﺻﺍﻭﻣ ﺩﺭﺟﻣﺑ ، ﺩﺭﮐ ﺕﺩﻭﻋ ﻥﻁﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﻰﻔﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﺩﻧﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﻔﺳ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ
. ﺕﻓﺭﮔ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺕﺭﺎ ﻅﻧ ﺕﺣﺗ ﻝﺯﻧﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﻯﺭﺎﮑﻣﻫ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﻭﺑ ﻪﺗﻓﺭﮔ ﺕﻭﺻ ﻯﻭﺎﺑ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺕﻟﻭﺩ ﺱﻳﺋﺭ ﻝﻣﺭﺎﮐ کﺭﺑﺑ ﺭﺍﺭﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻳﺗﺎﻗﻼﻣ ﻰﻁ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﻭﺣﺭﻣ
. ﺩﻳﺯﺭﻭ ﻉﺎﻧﺗﻣﺍ ﻭﺍ (( ﻥﻁﻭ ﺭﺩﭘ ﻰﻠﻣ ﻪﻬﺑﺟ ))

. ﺩﺭﮐﺍﺩﻳﭘ ﻰﻧﻁﺑ ﻯﺯﻳﺭﻧﻭﺧ ﻭ ﺕﺷﺍﺫﮔ ﺕﻣﺎﺧﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺕﺣﺻ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻭﺑ ﻥﺍﻭﺁ ﻥﻳﻣﻫ ﺭﺩ

ﻡﺎﺟﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ ، کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ( ١٩٨٠ ) ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ ﻥﺩﻧﻟﻭ ﻰﻠﻫﺩ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ﺞﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺗﮐﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺻﻭ ﺗ ﺭﺛﺍ ﻪﺑًﺍﺭﻭﺑﺟﻣ ﻯﻭ
ﺯﺍ ، ﻥﺁ ﺕﺷﻭﻧﺭﺳ ﻥﻳﻳﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻕﻭﻘﺣ ۀﺩﺎﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﻯﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮐ ﺕﻌﺟﺍﺭﻣ ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺱﭘﺍﻭ ﻰﺑﺳﻧ ﻯﺩﻭﺑﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﻠﻣﻋ
ﺭﺷﺑ ﻕﻭﻘﺣ ﻥﻣﺟﻧﺍ )) ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻭﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺎ ﺗﺳﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺗﮑﻳ ﻯﺭﺎﮑﻣﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺳﻧﺍﻭﺗ ﻪﻠﻣﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺷ ﺕﻳﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻝﺧﺍﺩ ﻰﻔﺧﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻧﮑﻣﻣ ﻖﻳﺭﻁ
. ﺩﻳﺎﻣﻧ ﺱﻳﺳءﺎﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﻔﺧﻣ ﺕﺭﻭﺻﺑ ﺍﺭ ((

ﻡﺎﻅﻧ ﺩﺿ ﺭﺑ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺑﻣ ﻭ ﻯﻭﺍﺩﺗ ﺽﺭﻏ ( ١٩٨٢ ) ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺷﺍﺫﮔ ﻰﺑﺍﺭﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻡﻫﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺎﺗﻣ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺕﺣﺻ
ﻡﺎﻅﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﺕﻳﺩﺿ ﺎﮐﻭﺷﺁ ﻝﺗﻭﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻰﺗﺎﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣ ﺱﻧﺍﺭﻔﻧﮐ ﮏﻳ ﻥﺩﺭﮐ ﺭﻳﺍﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻰﻠﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ ﻰﻠﻫﺩ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ﻰﺗﺳﻳﻧﻭﻣﮐ
. ﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﻰﺳﺎﻳﺳ ﻰﮔﺩﻧﻫﺎﻧﭘ ﻯﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺩﺣﺗﻣ ﻝﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺷﺍﺩ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﻯﻭﺭﻭﺷ ﻯﺍﻭﻗ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ﺕﮑﻠﻣﻣ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﻭ

ﻥﺎﻣﻠﺳﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺍﻭﺧﻳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻡﺩﺭﻣ ﻖﺣ ﺭﺑ ﺩﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻧﺎﺑﻳﺗﺷﻳﭘ ﺏﻠﺟ ﻯﺍﺭﺑ ، ﺕﺎﺟﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﻠﺳﻠﺳ ﮏﻳ ﻡﺎﺟﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﻭﺣﺭﻣ
. ﺩﺷ ﻥﺎﻣﻟﺁ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ، ﺭﮕﻳﺩ ﻊﺟ ﺍﺭﻣ ﻭ ﻰﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﻯﺎﻬﺗﻳﺻﺧﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻰﺧﺭﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺭﮐﺍﺫﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ

ﻥﺩﺭﮐ ﺍﺩﻳﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺭﮐﺍﺫﻣ ﺕﻬﺟ ﺎﺗ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻝﻣﻌﺑ ﺕﻭﻋﺩ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﻭﺧ ﺕﻣﻭﮑﺣ ﺕﻳﺍﺩﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺑﺭﻏ ﻥﺎﻣﻟﺁﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﺕﺭﺎﻔﺳ
ﺭﻳﺧﺄﺗ ﻡﻫ کﺍﻭژﭘ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺍ ، ﺩﺩﺭﮔﺭﻭﺷﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐﺎﭘ ﺕﻣﻭﮑﺣ ۀﺩﻧﺯﺍﺭﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﻬﻣ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﻪﻳﺿﻗ ﻯﺍﺭﺑ ﻝﺣ ﻩﺍﺭ
. ﺩﺷ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﮐ ﺎﭘ ﻡﺯﺎﻋ ﻪﺗﺷﺍﺩﻧﭘﻧ ﺏﺍﻭﺻ ﺍﺭ